By Thoboloko Ntšonyane
MASERU
Lesotho is grappling with the harsh realities of climate change, as rising temperatures, prolonged droughts, and erratic rainfall patterns continue to threaten the country’s food security as well as the economic stability.
Climate experts and government officials have warned that the worsening climate crisis poses a significant risk to the livelihoods of Basotho, particularly those dependent on agriculture.
During the presentation of the 2025/26 Budget Speech, Minister of Finance and Development Planning, Dr Retšelisitsoe Matlanyane, acknowledged these challenges and outlined the government’s response, focusing on climate resilience and sustainable agriculture.
She emphasised the urgent need for investment in climate adaptation, stating that Lesotho’s fiscal planning must integrate climate mitigation strategies to ensure long-term economic stability.
Reports from climate organisations and researchers paint a bleak picture for Lesotho’s future if urgent action is not taken.
According to the Lesotho Meteorological Services, the country has experienced a 1.5°C rise in average temperatures over the past few decades, exacerbating drought conditions. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) warns that Lesotho is among the African nations most vulnerable to climate change, with agriculture, water security, and human health at serious risk.
Droughts have become frequent and severe, devastating crop production and leaving thousands of farmers struggling to sustain their livelihoods. In 2023, a dry spell led to significant food shortages, forcing the government and aid organisations to intervene with emergency food relief.
Meanwhile, sporadic and unpredictable rainfall has further complicated farming, with heavy rains causing soil erosion and flooding, particularly in low-lying areas.
A recent World Bank report indicated that Lesotho’s agricultural sector, which employs nearly 70% of the rural population, is on a downward trajectory due to climate change. The report highlighted that maize and sorghum yields have drastically declined, with a 20% reduction recorded over the last decade. This has intensified food insecurity, pushing more families into poverty.
Addressing the 48th session of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Governing Council in Rome, Italy that has recently concluded, His Majesty King Letsie III stated that: “Our continent is disproportionately affected by the scourge of climate change,” highlighting the profound impact of environmental challenges on Africa’s agri-food systems.
In response to these alarming trends, Dr Matlanyane announced during the budget speech that the government has allocated the tune of M1.3 billion to the agricultural sector, with a strong focus on climate adaptation.
The Minister further outlined several key initiatives aimed at strengthening climate resilience, including:
Climate-Resilient Agriculture – The government is investing in Lesotho Integrated Agriculture Information Management System (LIAMIS), a digital database that will provide farmers with smart subsidies and insurance. This system aims to improve farming efficiency and mitigate the financial risks associated with climate shocks.
Irrigation Expansion – To address the water shortages plaguing agriculture, the government is launching two large irrigation schemes covering 250 hectares in Tsikoane and 200 hectares in Seaka Quthing. These projects will enable farmers to cultivate crops throughout the year, reducing reliance on unpredictable rainfall.
Water and Land Management – Through the Building Climate Resilience Livelihoods and Food Systems Project, the government will implement sustainable land and water management strategies in Setanteng, Hlotse, Seaka, and Maletsunyane sub-catchments. This initiative is expected to curb soil degradation and improve water retention, ensuring better farming conditions.
Local Climate Adaptation- In collaboration with the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF), Lesotho will continue implementing Local Climate Adaptive Living Facility initiatives. These programmes will provide targeted support to councils in Mohale’s Hoek, Maseru, Mafeteng, Thaba-Tseka, Leribe, and Mokhotlong, equipping local communities with the resources needed to combat climate change.
While the government’s climate action plan shows action, given the situation on the ground much more still needs to be done.
Climate finance remains a critical issue, with Lesotho requiring greater international support to implement large-scale adaptation projects. According to the African Development Bank, the country needs an estimated $300 million, about M5,5 billion annually to fully integrate climate resilience into its national economy.
Environmentalists also stress the need for community education and awareness, as some smallholder farmers still rely on traditional methods that are no longer viable under changing climate conditions. Experts recommend promoting drought-resistant crops, rainwater harvesting, and soil conservation practices as part of a broader national strategy.
While Lesotho’s battle against climate change is far from over, the 2025/26 Budget signals a recognition by the government that climate resilience is not just an environmental concern but an economic necessity. The experts also recommend the continued investment, policy reforms, and global partnerships, so the country can build a more sustainable future for its people.